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Then the postconditions that apply to M when it s invoked on an object of type X' must be at least as restrictive as those that apply to M when it s invoked on an object of type X This claim, by contrast, does seem reasonable Assume first that M produces a result R when it s invoked Then given the preconditions stated earlier it s obvious that every possible result that can be produced when invoking M on some object O' of type X' can also be produced when invoking M on some object O of type X (because O' is an object of type X, by definition) Thus, the postcondition that applies to M when it s invoked on an object of type X' is obviously at least as restrictive as the one that applies to M when it s invoked on an object of type X Onward.

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Flex applications can access the Java server side using data services. They can access Java objects and invoke remote methods on them. The Flex framework includes a client-side component called

However, perseverance with Blender is well rewarded; it s a very powerful tool that can be used to create top-quality 3D animated movies and games For once, this isn t merely an idle boast from the marketing department, as the Blender Foundation has proven by producing two animated shorts and a game using its own software (see Figure 6-1 and Figure 6-2)..

Tockey subsequently gives an example of two methods both called Draw, one of which applies to objects of type GeometricShape and the other to objects of type WildWestGunfighter, and observes, correctly, that there s no subtyping, and therefore no substitutability, in that example (His actual words are as follows: [According] to LSP, WildWestGunfighter is not a subtype of GeometricShape and I should not expect a program to be well behaved if I substitute a member of WildWestGunfighter in a place where the program expected a GeometricShape ) Well, I agree, but I think the point would have been much clearer if the writer had explicitly introduced the terms inclusion polymorphism and overloading polymorphism (and explained the difference between them, of course) Let me elaborate.

RemoteObject. This object acts as a proxy for a data service destination on the server. When configured properly, this object handle can be used to invoke RPCs. Before we get into the nitty-gritty of this object and destination configuration, let s step back and look at the data services architecture.

First of all, an operator (or method ) is said to be polymorphic if it s defined in terms of some parameter P and the arguments corresponding to P can be of different types on different invocations The equality operator = is an obvious example: We can test any two values for equality (just so long as the two values are of the same type), and so = is polymorphic it applies to integers, and to character strings, and to ellipses, and to polygons, and in fact to values of.

Figure 8-1 is a pictorial summary of the data services architecture. The view is biased to highlight the functional elements. It includes technical aspects but skips the internal details in many places. As you look deeper into the nuts and bolts in this chapter, many of these details will emerge.

Figure 6-1. Elephants Dream was the first movie created by the Blender Foundation and one of the first high-definition animated movies made in Europe.

7. As an aside, I feel bound to say that I m not very happy with the terminology of preconditions, anyway. Given a method M, the preconditions, as such, for M are surely always the same, no matter what types the arguments might happen to have. Thus, the real question is, rather, Do the arguments satisfy the preconditions (Perhaps the reason I m having difficulties here is that Tockey and I are basing our statements on different unspoken assumptions. Be that as it may, I ll revisit the whole business of preconditions and postconditions later in this chapter.)

Figure 8-1. Data services architecture: an overview As Figure 8-1 depicts, data services includes the following:

every type Analogous remarks apply to the assignment operator := also Further examples include the well-known aggregate operators of SQL (MAX, COUNT, etc), the operators of the relational algebra (UNION, JOIN, etc), and many others Next, polymorphism comes in (at least) two distinct flavors, known as inclusion polymorphism and overloading polymorphism, respectively8 To paraphrase some remarks from The Third Manifesto, a helpful way of characterizing the difference between these two concepts is as follows: Inclusion polymorphism means we have one operator with several distinct implementation versions under the covers (but the user does not need to know that the versions in question are in fact distinct to the user, there is just the one operator) Inclusion polymorphism is what we get with subtyping, and it implies substitutability.